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GNU Info File
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1993-10-21
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1,180 lines
This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.54 from the input
file gcc.texi.
This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler.
Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Protect
Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'" are included exactly as in the
original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is
distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public
License" and "Protect Your Freedom--Fight `Look And Feel'", and this
permission notice, may be included in translations approved by the Free
Software Foundation instead of in the original English.
File: gcc.info, Node: Naming Results, Next: Min and Max, Up: C++ Extensions
Named Return Values in C++
==========================
GNU C++ extends the function-definition syntax to allow you to
specify a name for the result of a function outside the body of the
definition, in C++ programs:
TYPE
FUNCTIONNAME (ARGS) return RESULTNAME;
{
...
BODY
...
}
You can use this feature to avoid an extra constructor call when a
function result has a class type. For example, consider a function
`m', declared as `X v = m ();', whose result is of class `X':
X
m ()
{
X b;
b.a = 23;
return b;
}
Although `m' appears to have no arguments, in fact it has one
implicit argument: the address of the return value. At invocation, the
address of enough space to hold `v' is sent in as the implicit argument.
Then `b' is constructed and its `a' field is set to the value 23.
Finally, a copy constructor (a constructor of the form `X(X&)') is
applied to `b', with the (implicit) return value location as the
target, so that `v' is now bound to the return value.
But this is wasteful. The local `b' is declared just to hold
something that will be copied right out. While a compiler that
combined an "elision" algorithm with interprocedural data flow analysis
could conceivably eliminate all of this, it is much more practical to
allow you to assist the compiler in generating efficient code by
manipulating the return value explicitly, thus avoiding the local
variable and copy constructor altogether.
Using the extended GNU C++ function-definition syntax, you can avoid
the temporary allocation and copying by naming `r' as your return value
as the outset, and assigning to its `a' field directly:
X
m () return r;
{
r.a = 23;
}
The declaration of `r' is a standard, proper declaration, whose effects
are executed *before* any of the body of `m'.
Functions of this type impose no additional restrictions; in
particular, you can execute `return' statements, or return implicitly by
reaching the end of the function body ("falling off the edge"). Cases
like
X
m () return r (23);
{
return;
}
(or even `X m () return r (23); { }') are unambiguous, since the return
value `r' has been initialized in either case. The following code may
be hard to read, but also works predictably:
X
m () return r;
{
X b;
return b;
}
The return value slot denoted by `r' is initialized at the outset,
but the statement `return b;' overrides this value. The compiler deals
with this by destroying `r' (calling the destructor if there is one, or
doing nothing if there is not), and then reinitializing `r' with `b'.
This extension is provided primarily to help people who use
overloaded operators, where there is a great need to control not just
the arguments, but the return values of functions. For classes where
the copy constructor incurs a heavy performance penalty (especially in
the common case where there is a quick default constructor), this is a
major savings. The disadvantage of this extension is that you do not
control when the default constructor for the return value is called: it
is always called at the beginning.
File: gcc.info, Node: Min and Max, Next: Destructors and Goto, Prev: Naming Results, Up: C++ Extensions
Minimum and Maximum Operators in C++
====================================
It is very convenient to have operators which return the "minimum"
or the "maximum" of two arguments. In GNU C++ (but not in GNU C),
`A <? B'
is the "minimum", returning the smaller of the numeric values A
and B;
`A >? B'
is the "maximum", returning the larger of the numeric values A and
B.
These operations are not primitive in ordinary C++, since you can
use a macro to return the minimum of two things in C++, as in the
following example.
#define MIN(X,Y) ((X) < (Y) ? : (X) : (Y))
You might then use `int min = MIN (i, j);' to set MIN to the minimum
value of variables I and J.
However, side effects in `X' or `Y' may cause unintended behavior.
For example, `MIN (i++, j++)' will fail, incrementing the smaller
counter twice. A GNU C extension allows you to write safe macros that
avoid this kind of problem (*note Naming an Expression's Type: Naming
Types.). However, writing `MIN' and `MAX' as macros also forces you to
use function-call notation notation for a fundamental arithmetic
operation. Using GNU C++ extensions, you can write `int min = i <? j;'
instead.
Since `<?' and `>?' are built into the compiler, they properly
handle expressions with side-effects; `int min = i++ <? j++;' works
correctly.
File: gcc.info, Node: Destructors and Goto, Next: C++ Interface, Prev: Min and Max, Up: C++ Extensions
`goto' and Destructors in GNU C++
=================================
In C++ programs, you can safely use the `goto' statement. When you
use it to exit a block which contains aggregates requiring destructors,
the destructors will run before the `goto' transfers control. (In ANSI
C++, `goto' is restricted to targets within the current block.)
The compiler still forbids using `goto' to *enter* a scope that
requires constructors.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Interface, Prev: Destructors and Goto, Up: C++ Extensions
Declarations and Definitions in One Header
==========================================
C++ object definitions can be quite complex. In principle, your
source code will need two kinds of things for each object that you use
across more than one source file. First, you need an "interface"
specification, describing its structure with type declarations and
function prototypes. Second, you need the "implementation" itself. It
can be tedious to maintain a separate interface description in a header
file, in parallel to the actual implementation. It is also dangerous,
since separate interface and implementation definitions may not remain
parallel.
With GNU C++, you can use a single header file for both purposes.
*Warning:* The mechanism to specify this is in transition. For the
nonce, you must use one of two `#pragma' commands; in a future
release of GNU C++, an alternative mechanism will make these
`#pragma' commands unnecessary.
The header file contains the full definitions, but is marked with
`#pragma interface' in the source code. This allows the compiler to
use the header file only as an interface specification when ordinary
source files incorporate it with `#include'. In the single source file
where the full implementation belongs, you can use either a naming
convention or `#pragma implementation' to indicate this alternate use
of the header file.
`#pragma interface'
Use this directive in *header files* that define object classes,
to save space in most of the object files that use those classes.
Normally, local copies of certain information (backup copies of
inline member functions, debugging information, and the internal
tables that implement virtual functions) must be kept in each
object file that includes class definitions. You can use this
pragma to avoid such duplication. When a header file containing
`#pragma interface' is included in a compilation, this auxiliary
information will not be generated (unless the main input source
file itself uses `#pragma implementation'). Instead, the object
files will contain references to be resolved at link time.
`#pragma implementation'
`#pragma implementation "OBJECTS.h"'
Use this pragma in a *main input file*, when you want full output
from included header files to be generated (and made globally
visible). The included header file, in turn, should use `#pragma
interface'. Backup copies of inline member functions, debugging
information, and the internal tables used to implement virtual
functions are all generated in implementation files.
`#pragma implementation' is *implied* whenever the basename(1) of
your source file matches the basename of a header file it
includes. There is no way to turn this off (other than using a
different name for one of the two files). In the same vein, if
you use `#pragma implementation' with no argument, it applies to an
include file with the same basename as your source file. For
example, in `allclass.cc', `#pragma implementation' by itself is
equivalent to `#pragma implementation "allclass.h"'; but even if
you do not say `#pragma implementation' at all, `allclass.h' is
treated as an implementation file whenever you include it from
`allclass.cc'.
If you use an explicit `#pragma implementation', it must appear in
your source file *before* you include the affected header files.
Use the string argument if you want a single implementation file to
include code from multiple header files. (You must also use
`#include' to include the header file; `#pragma implementation'
only specifies how to use the file--it doesn't actually include
it.)
There is no way to split up the contents of a single header file
into multiple implementation files.
`#pragma implementation' and `#pragma interface' also have an effect
on function inlining.
If you define a class in a header file marked with `#pragma
interface', the effect on a function defined in that class is similar to
an explicit `extern' declaration--the compiler emits no code at all to
define an independent version of the function. Its definition is used
only for inlining with its callers.
Conversely, when you include the same header file in a main source
file that declares it as `#pragma implementation', the compiler emits
code for the function itself; this defines a version of the function
that can be found via pointers (or by callers compiled without
inlining).
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) A file's "basename" is the name stripped of all leading path
information and of trailing suffixes, such as `.h' or `.C' or `.cc'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Trouble, Next: Bugs, Prev: C++ Extensions, Up: Top
Known Causes of Trouble with GNU CC
***********************************
This section describes known problems that affect users of GNU CC.
Most of these are not GNU CC bugs per se--if they were, we would fix
them. But the result for a user may be like the result of a bug.
Some of these problems are due to bugs in other software, some are
missing features that are too much work to add, and some are places
where people's opinions differ as to what is best.
* Menu:
* Actual Bugs:: Bugs we will fix later.
* Installation Problems:: Problems that manifest when you install GNU CC.
* Cross-Compiler Problems:: Common problems of cross compiling with GNU CC.
* Interoperation:: Problems using GNU CC with other compilers,
and with certain linkers, assemblers and debuggers.
* External Bugs:: Problems compiling certain programs.
* Incompatibilities:: GNU CC is incompatible with traditional C.
* Disappointments:: Regrettable things we can't change, but not quite bugs.
* C++ Misunderstandings:: Common misunderstandings with GNU C++.
* Protoize Caveats:: Things to watch out for when using `protoize'.
* Non-bugs:: Things we think are right, but some others disagree.
* Warnings and Errors:: Which problems in your code get warnings,
and which get errors.
File: gcc.info, Node: Actual Bugs, Next: Installation Problems, Up: Trouble
Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet
================================
* The `fixincludes' script interacts badly with automounters; if the
directory of system header files is automounted, it tends to be
unmounted while `fixincludes' is running. This would seem to be a
bug in the automounter. We don't know any good way to work around
it.
* Loop unrolling doesn't work properly for certain C++ programs.
This is because of difficulty in updating the debugging
information within the loop being unrolled. We plan to revamp the
representation of debugging information so that this will work
properly, but we have not done this in version 2.4 because we
don't want to delay it any further.
File: gcc.info, Node: Installation Problems, Next: Cross-Compiler Problems, Prev: Actual Bugs, Up: Trouble
Installation Problems
=====================
This is a list of problems (and some apparent problems which don't
really mean anything is wrong) that show up during installation of GNU
CC.
* On certain systems, defining certain environment variables such as
`CC' can interfere with the functioning of `make'.
* If you encounter seemingly strange errors when trying to build the
compiler in a directory other than the source directory, it could
be because you have previously configured the compiler in the
source directory. Make sure you have done all the necessary
preparations. *Note Other Dir::.
* In previous versions of GNU CC, the `gcc' driver program looked for
`as' and `ld' in various places such as files beginning with
`/usr/local/lib/gcc-'. GNU CC version 2 looks for them in the
directory `/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION'.
Thus, to use a version of `as' or `ld' that is not the system
default, for example `gas' or GNU `ld', you must put them in that
directory (or make links to them from that directory).
* Some commands executed when making the compiler may fail (return a
non-zero status) and be ignored by `make'. These failures, which
are often due to files that were not found, are expected, and can
safely be ignored.
* It is normal to have warnings in compiling certain files about
unreachable code and about enumeration type clashes. These files'
names begin with `insn-'. Also, `real.c' may get some warnings
that you can ignore.
* Sometimes `make' recompiles parts of the compiler when installing
the compiler. In one case, this was traced down to a bug in
`make'. Either ignore the problem or switch to GNU Make.
* On some 386 systems, building the compiler never finishes because
`enquire' hangs due to a hardware problem in the motherboard--it
reports floating point exceptions to the kernel incorrectly. You
can install GNU CC except for `float.h' by patching out the
command to run `enquire'. You may also be able to fix the problem
for real by getting a replacement motherboard. This problem was
observed in Revision E of the Micronics motherboard, and is fixed
in Revision F.
* On some 386 systems, GNU CC crashes trying to compile `enquire.c'.
This happens on machines that don't have a 387 FPU chip. On 386
machines, the system kernel is supposed to emulate the 387 when you
don't have one. The crash is due to a bug in the emulator.
One of these systems is the Unix from Interactive Systems: 386/ix.
On this system, an alternate emulator is provided, and it does
work. To use it, execute this command as super-user:
ln /etc/emulator.rel1 /etc/emulator
and then reboot the system. (The default emulator file remains
present under the name `emulator.dflt'.)
Try using `/etc/emulator.att', if you have such a problem on the
SCO system.
Another system which has this problem is Esix. We don't know
whether it has an alternate emulator that works.
* Sometimes on a Sun 4 you may observe a crash in the program
`genflags' or `genoutput' while building GNU CC. This is said to
be due to a bug in `sh'. You can probably get around it by running
`genflags' or `genoutput' manually and then retrying the `make'.
* On Solaris 2, executables of GNU CC version 2.0.2 are commonly
available, but they have a bug that shows up when compiling current
versions of GNU CC: undefined symbol errors occur during assembly
if you use `-g'.
The solution is to compile the current version of GNU CC without
`-g'. That makes a working compiler which you can use to recompile
with `-g'.
* Solaris 2 comes with a number of optional OS packages. Six of
these packages are needed to use GNU CC fully. If you did not
install all optional packages when installing Solaris, you will
need to verify that these six packages are installed.
The six packages that GNU CC needs are: `SUNWarc', `SUNWbtool',
`SUNWesu', `SUNWhea', `SUNWlibm', and `SUNWtoo'. To check whether
an optional package is installed, use the `pkginfo' command. To
add an optional package, use the `pkgadd' command. For further
details, see the Solaris documentation.
* If you use the 1.31 version of the MIPS assembler (such as was
shipped with Ultrix 3.1), you will need to use the
-fno-delayed-branch switch when optimizing floating point code.
Otherwise, the assembler will complain when the GCC compiler fills
a branch delay slot with a floating point instruction, such as
add.d.
* Users have reported some problems with version 2.0 of the MIPS
compiler tools that were shipped with Ultrix 4.1. Version 2.10
which came with Ultrix 4.2 seems to work fine.
* Some versions of the MIPS linker will issue an assertion failure
when linking code that uses `alloca' against shared libraries on
RISC-OS 5.0, and DEC's OSF/1 systems. This is a bug in the
linker, that is supposed to be fixed in future revisions. To
protect against this, GCC passes `-non_shared' to the linker
unless you pass an explicit `-shared' or `-call_shared' switch.
* On System V release 3, you may get this error message while
linking:
ld fatal: failed to write symbol name SOMETHING
in strings table for file WHATEVER
This probably indicates that the disk is full or your ULIMIT won't
allow the file to be as large as it needs to be.
This problem can also result because the kernel parameter `MAXUMEM'
is too small. If so, you must regenerate the kernel and make the
value much larger. The default value is reported to be 1024; a
value of 32768 is said to work. Smaller values may also work.
* On System V, if you get an error like this,
/usr/local/lib/bison.simple: In function `yyparse':
/usr/local/lib/bison.simple:625: virtual memory exhausted
that too indicates a problem with disk space, ULIMIT, or `MAXUMEM'.
* On the Tower models 4N0 and 6N0, by default a process is not
allowed to have more than one megabyte of memory. GNU CC cannot
compile itself (or many other programs) with `-O' in that much
memory.
To solve this problem, reconfigure the kernel adding the following
line to the configuration file:
MAXUMEM = 4096
* On HP 9000 series 300 or 400 running HP-UX release 8.0, there is a
bug in the assembler that must be fixed before GNU CC can be
built. This bug manifests itself during the first stage of
compilation, while building `libgcc2.a':
_floatdisf
cc1: warning: `-g' option not supported on this version of GCC
cc1: warning: `-g1' option not supported on this version of GCC
./xgcc: Internal compiler error: program as got fatal signal 11
A patched version of the assembler is available by anonymous ftp
from `altdorf.ai.mit.edu' as the file
`archive/cph/hpux-8.0-assembler'. If you have HP software support,
the patch can also be obtained directly from HP, as described in
the following note:
This is the patched assembler, to patch SR#1653-010439, where
the assembler aborts on floating point constants.
The bug is not really in the assembler, but in the shared
library version of the function "cvtnum(3c)". The bug on
"cvtnum(3c)" is SR#4701-078451. Anyway, the attached
assembler uses the archive library version of "cvtnum(3c)"
and thus does not exhibit the bug.
This patch is also known as PHCO_0800.
* To build GCC for HP PA model 1.1 machines running HP-UX versions
earlier than 8.07, you have to configure for HP PA model 1.0.
This is because a bug in the PA configuration that probably will
be fixed in the next release of the compiler.
* On HP-UX version 9.01 on the HP PA, the HP compiler `cc' does not
compile GNU CC correctly. We do not yet know why. However, GNU CC
compiled on earlier HP-UX versions works properly on HP-UX 9.01
and can compile itself properly on 9.01.
* Another assembler problem on the HP PA results in an error message
like this while compiling part of `libgcc2.a':
as: /usr/tmp/cca08196.s @line#30 [err#1060]
Argument 1 or 3 in FARG upper
- lookahead = RTNVAL=GR
This happens because HP changed the assembler syntax after system
release 8.02. GNU CC assumes the newer syntax; if your assembler
wants the older syntax, comment out this line in the file
`pa1-hpux.h':
#define HP_FP_ARG_DESCRIPTOR_REVERSED
* Some versions of the Pyramid C compiler are reported to be unable
to compile GNU CC. You must use an older version of GNU CC for
bootstrapping. One indication of this problem is if you get a
crash when GNU CC compiles the function `muldi3' in file
`libgcc2.c'.
You may be able to succeed by getting GNU CC version 1, installing
it, and using it to compile GNU CC version 2. The bug in the
Pyramid C compiler does not seem to affect GNU CC version 1.
* There may be similar problems on System V Release 3.1 on 386
systems.
* On the Altos 3068, programs compiled with GNU CC won't work unless
you fix a kernel bug. This happens using system versions V.2.2
1.0gT1 and V.2.2 1.0e and perhaps later versions as well. See the
file `README.ALTOS'.
* You will get several sorts of compilation and linking errors on the
we32k if you don't follow the special instructions. *Note WE32K
Install::.
File: gcc.info, Node: Cross-Compiler Problems, Next: Interoperation, Prev: Installation Problems, Up: Trouble
Cross-Compiler Problems
=======================
You may run into problems with cross compilation on certain machines,
for several reasons.
* Cross compilation can run into trouble for certain machines because
some target machines' assemblers require floating point numbers to
be written as *integer* constants in certain contexts.
The compiler writes these integer constants by examining the
floating point value as an integer and printing that integer,
because this is simple to write and independent of the details of
the floating point representation. But this does not work if the
compiler is running on a different machine with an incompatible
floating point format, or even a different byte-ordering.
In addition, correct constant folding of floating point values
requires representing them in the target machine's format. (The C
standard does not quite require this, but in practice it is the
only way to win.)
It is now possible to overcome these problems by defining macros
such as `REAL_VALUE_TYPE'. But doing so is a substantial amount of
work for each target machine. *Note Cross-compilation::.
* At present, the program `mips-tfile' which adds debug support to
object files on MIPS systems does not work in a cross compile
environment.
File: gcc.info, Node: Interoperation, Next: External Bugs, Prev: Cross-Compiler Problems, Up: Trouble
Interoperation
==============
This section lists various difficulties encountered in using GNU C or
GNU C++ together with other compilers or with the assemblers, linkers,
libraries and debuggers on certain systems.
* GNU C normally compiles functions to return small structures and
unions in registers. Most other compilers arrange to return them
just like larger structures and unions. This can lead to trouble
when you link together code compiled by different compilers. To
avoid the problem, you can use the option `-fpcc-struct-return'
when compiling with GNU CC.
* GNU C++ does not do name mangling in the same way as other C++
compilers. This means that object files compiled with one compiler
cannot be used with another.
This effect is intentional, to protect you from more subtle
problems. Compilers differ as to many internal details of C++
implementation, including: how class instances are laid out, how
multiple inheritance is implemented, and how virtual function
calls are handled. If the name encoding were made the same, your
programs would link against libraries provided from other
compilers--but the programs would then crash when run.
Incompatible libraries are then detected at link time, rather than
at run time.
* Older GDB versions sometimes fail to read the output of GNU CC
version 2. If you have trouble, get GDB version 4.4 or later.
* DBX rejects some files produced by GNU CC, though it accepts
similar constructs in output from PCC. Until someone can supply a
coherent description of what is valid DBX input and what is not,
there is nothing I can do about these problems. You are on your
own.
* The GNU assembler (GAS) does not support PIC. To generate PIC
code, you must use some other assembler, such as `/bin/as'.
* On some BSD systems including some versions of Ultrix, use of
profiling causes static variable destructors (currently used only
in C++) not to be run.
* Use of `-I/usr/include' may cause trouble.
Many systems come with header files that won't work with GNU CC
unless corrected by `fixincludes'. The corrected header files go
in a new directory; GNU CC searches this directory before
`/usr/include'. If you use `-I/usr/include', this tells GNU CC to
search `/usr/include' earlier on, before the corrected headers.
The result is that you get the uncorrected header files.
Instead, you should use these options (when compiling C programs):
-I/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/TARGET/VERSION/include -I/usr/include
For C++ programs, GNU CC also uses a special directory that
defines C++ interfaces to standard C subroutines. This directory
is meant to be searched *before* other standard include
directories, so that it takes precedence. If you are compiling
C++ programs and specifying include directories explicitly, use
this option first, then the two options above:
-I/usr/local/lib/g++-include
* On a Sparc, GNU CC aligns all values of type `double' on an 8-byte
boundary, and it expects every `double' to be so aligned. The Sun
compiler usually gives `double' values 8-byte alignment, with one
exception: function arguments of type `double' may not be aligned.
As a result, if a function compiled with Sun CC takes the address
of an argument of type `double' and passes this pointer of type
`double *' to a function compiled with GNU CC, dereferencing the
pointer may cause a fatal signal.
One way to solve this problem is to compile your entire program
with GNU CC. Another solution is to modify the function that is
compiled with Sun CC to copy the argument into a local variable;
local variables are always properly aligned. A third solution is
to modify the function that uses the pointer to dereference it via
the following function `access_double' instead of directly with
`*':
inline double
access_double (double *unaligned_ptr)
{
union d2i { double d; int i[2]; };
union d2i *p = (union d2i *) unaligned_ptr;
union d2i u;
u.i[0] = p->i[0];
u.i[1] = p->i[1];
return u.d;
}
Storing into the pointer can be done likewise with the same union.
* On Solaris, the `malloc' function in the `libmalloc.a' library may
allocate memory that is only 4 byte aligned. Since GNU CC on the
Sparc assumes that doubles are 8 byte aligned, this may result in a
fatal signal if doubles are stored in memory allocated by the
`libmalloc.a' library.
The solution is to not use the `libmalloc.a' library. Use instead
`malloc' and related functions from `libc.a'; they do not have
this problem.
* On a Sun, linking using GNU CC fails to find a shared library and
reports that the library doesn't exist at all.
This happens if you are using the GNU linker, because it does only
static linking and looks only for unshared libraries. If you have
a shared library with no unshared counterpart, the GNU linker
won't find anything.
We hope to make a linker which supports Sun shared libraries, but
please don't ask when it will be finished--we don't know.
* Sun forgot to include a static version of `libdl.a' with some
versions of SunOS (mainly 4.1). This results in undefined symbols
when linking static binaries (that is, if you use `-static'). If
you see undefined symbols `_dlclose', `_dlsym' or `_dlopen' when
linking, compile and link against the file `mit/util/misc/dlsym.c'
from the MIT version of X windows.
* On the HP PA machine, ADB sometimes fails to work on functions
compiled with GNU CC. Specifically, it fails to work on functions
that use `alloca' or variable-size arrays. This is because GNU CC
doesn't generate HP-UX unwind descriptors for such functions. It
may even be impossible to generate them.
* Debugging (`-g') is not supported on the HP PA machine, unless you
use the preliminary GNU tools (*note Installation::.).
* The HP-UX linker has a bug which can cause programs which make use
of `const' variables to fail in unusual ways. If your program
makes use of global `const' variables, we suggest you compile with
the following additional options:
-Dconst="" -D__const="" -D__const__="" -fwritable-strings
This will force the `const' variables into the DATA subspace which
will avoid the linker bug.
Another option one might use to work around this problem is
`-mkernel'. `-mkernel' changes how the address of variables is
computed to a sequence less likely to tickle the HP-UX linker bug.
We hope to work around this problem in GNU CC 2.4, if HP does not
fix it.
* Taking the address of a label may generate errors from the HP-UX
PA assembler. GAS for the PA does not have this problem.
* GNU CC produced code will not yet link against HP-UX 8.0 shared
libraries. We expect to fix this problem in GNU CC 2.4.
* GNU CC compiled code sometimes emits warnings from the HP-UX
assembler of the form:
(warning) Use of GR3 when
frame >= 8192 may cause conflict.
These warnings are harmless and can be safely ignored.
* The current version of the assembler (`/bin/as') for the RS/6000
has certain problems that prevent the `-g' option in GCC from
working. Note that `Makefile.in' uses `-g' by default when
compiling `libgcc2.c'.
IBM has produced a fixed version of the assembler. The upgraded
assembler unfortunately was not included in any of the AIX 3.2
update PTF releases (3.2.2, 3.2.3, or 3.2.3e). Users of AIX 3.1
should request PTF U403044 from IBM and users of AIX 3.2 should
request PTF U416277. See the file `README.RS6000' for more
details on these updates.
You can test for the presense of a fixed assembler by using the
command
as -u < /dev/null
If the command exits normally, the assembler fix already is
installed. If the assembler complains that "-u" is an unknown
flag, you need to order the fix.
* On the IBM RS/6000, compiling code of the form
extern int foo;
... foo ...
static int foo;
will cause the linker to report an undefined symbol `foo'.
Although this behavior differs from most other systems, it is not a
bug because redefining an `extern' variable as `static' is
undefined in ANSI C.
* AIX on the RS/6000 provides support (NLS) for environments outside
of the United States. Compilers and assemblers use NLS to support
locale-specific representations of various objects including
floating-point numbers ("." vs "," for separating decimal
fractions). There have been problems reported where the library
linked with GCC does not produce the same floating-point formats
that the assembler accepts. If you have this problem, set the
LANG environment variable to "C" or "En_US".
* There is an assembler bug in versions of DG/UX prior to 5.4.2.01
that occurs when the `fldcr' instruction is used. GNU CC uses
`fldcr' on the 88100 to serialize volatile memory references. Use
the option `-fno-serialize-volatile' if your version of the
assembler has this bug.
* On VMS, GAS versions 1.38.1 and earlier may cause spurious warning
messages from the linker. These warning messages complain of
mismatched psect attributes. You can ignore them. *Note VMS
Install::.
* On NewsOS version 3, if you include both of the files `stddef.h'
and `sys/types.h', you get an error because there are two typedefs
of `size_t'. You should change `sys/types.h' by adding these
lines around the definition of `size_t':
#ifndef _SIZE_T
#define _SIZE_T
ACTUAL TYPEDEF HERE
#endif
* On the Alliant, the system's own convention for returning
structures and unions is unusual, and is not compatible with GNU
CC no matter what options are used.
* On the IBM RT PC, the MetaWare HighC compiler (hc) uses yet another
convention for structure and union returning. Use
`-mhc-struct-return' to tell GNU CC to use a convention compatible
with it.
* On Ultrix, the Fortran compiler expects registers 2 through 5 to
be saved by function calls. However, the C compiler uses
conventions compatible with BSD Unix: registers 2 through 5 may be
clobbered by function calls.
GNU CC uses the same convention as the Ultrix C compiler. You can
use these options to produce code compatible with the Fortran
compiler:
-fcall-saved-r2 -fcall-saved-r3 -fcall-saved-r4 -fcall-saved-r5
* On the WE32k, you may find that programs compiled with GNU CC do
not work with the standard shared C ilbrary. You may need to link
with the ordinary C compiler. If you do so, you must specify the
following options:
-L/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/we32k-att-sysv/2.4 -lgcc -lc_s
The first specifies where to find the library `libgcc.a' specified
with the `-lgcc' option.
GNU CC does linking by invoking `ld', just as `cc' does, and there
is no reason why it *should* matter which compilation program you
use to invoke `ld'. If someone tracks this problem down, it can
probably be fixed easily.
File: gcc.info, Node: External Bugs, Next: Incompatibilities, Prev: Interoperation, Up: Trouble
Problems Compiling Certain Programs
===================================
* Parse errors may occur compiling X11 on a Decstation running
Ultrix 4.2 because of problems in DEC's versions of the X11 header
files `X11/Xlib.h' and `X11/Xutil.h'. People recommend adding
`-I/usr/include/mit' to use the MIT versions of the header files,
using the `-traditional' switch to turn off ANSI C, or fixing the
header files by adding this:
#ifdef __STDC__
#define NeedFunctionPrototypes 0
#endif
File: gcc.info, Node: Incompatibilities, Next: Disappointments, Prev: External Bugs, Up: Trouble
Incompatibilities of GNU CC
===========================
There are several noteworthy incompatibilities between GNU C and most
existing (non-ANSI) versions of C. The `-traditional' option
eliminates many of these incompatibilities, *but not all*, by telling
GNU C to behave like the other C compilers.
* GNU CC normally makes string constants read-only. If several
identical-looking string constants are used, GNU CC stores only one
copy of the string.
One consequence is that you cannot call `mktemp' with a string
constant argument. The function `mktemp' always alters the string
its argument points to.
Another consequence is that `sscanf' does not work on some systems
when passed a string constant as its format control string or
input. This is because `sscanf' incorrectly tries to write into
the string constant. Likewise `fscanf' and `scanf'.
The best solution to these problems is to change the program to use
`char'-array variables with initialization strings for these
purposes instead of string constants. But if this is not possible,
you can use the `-fwritable-strings' flag, which directs GNU CC to
handle string constants the same way most C compilers do.
`-traditional' also has this effect, among others.
* `-2147483648' is positive.
This is because 2147483648 cannot fit in the type `int', so
(following the ANSI C rules) its data type is `unsigned long int'.
Negating this value yields 2147483648 again.
* GNU CC does not substitute macro arguments when they appear inside
of string constants. For example, the following macro in GNU CC
#define foo(a) "a"
will produce output `"a"' regardless of what the argument A is.
The `-traditional' option directs GNU CC to handle such cases
(among others) in the old-fashioned (non-ANSI) fashion.
* When you use `setjmp' and `longjmp', the only automatic variables
guaranteed to remain valid are those declared `volatile'. This is
a consequence of automatic register allocation. Consider this
function:
jmp_buf j;
foo ()
{
int a, b;
a = fun1 ();
if (setjmp (j))
return a;
a = fun2 ();
/* `longjmp (j)' may occur in `fun3'. */
return a + fun3 ();
}
Here `a' may or may not be restored to its first value when the
`longjmp' occurs. If `a' is allocated in a register, then its
first value is restored; otherwise, it keeps the last value stored
in it.
If you use the `-W' option with the `-O' option, you will get a
warning when GNU CC thinks such a problem might be possible.
The `-traditional' option directs GNU C to put variables in the
stack by default, rather than in registers, in functions that call
`setjmp'. This results in the behavior found in traditional C
compilers.
* Programs that use preprocessor directives in the middle of macro
arguments do not work with GNU CC. For example, a program like
this will not work:
foobar (
#define luser
hack)
ANSI C does not permit such a construct. It would make sense to
support it when `-traditional' is used, but it is too much work to
implement.
* Declarations of external variables and functions within a block
apply only to the block containing the declaration. In other
words, they have the same scope as any other declaration in the
same place.
In some other C compilers, a `extern' declaration affects all the
rest of the file even if it happens within a block.
The `-traditional' option directs GNU C to treat all `extern'
declarations as global, like traditional compilers.
* In traditional C, you can combine `long', etc., with a typedef
name, as shown here:
typedef int foo;
typedef long foo bar;
In ANSI C, this is not allowed: `long' and other type modifiers
require an explicit `int'. Because this criterion is expressed by
Bison grammar rules rather than C code, the `-traditional' flag
cannot alter it.
* PCC allows typedef names to be used as function parameters. The
difficulty described immediately above applies here too.
* PCC allows whitespace in the middle of compound assignment
operators such as `+='. GNU CC, following the ANSI standard, does
not allow this. The difficulty described immediately above
applies here too.
* GNU CC complains about unterminated character constants inside of
preprocessor conditionals that fail. Some programs have English
comments enclosed in conditionals that are guaranteed to fail; if
these comments contain apostrophes, GNU CC will probably report an
error. For example, this code would produce an error:
#if 0
You can't expect this to work.
#endif
The best solution to such a problem is to put the text into an
actual C comment delimited by `/*...*/'. However, `-traditional'
suppresses these error messages.
* Many user programs contain the declaration `long time ();'. In the
past, the system header files on many systems did not actually
declare `time', so it did not matter what type your program
declared it to return. But in systems with ANSI C headers, `time'
is declared to return `time_t', and if that is not the same as
`long', then `long time ();' is erroneous.
The solution is to change your program to use `time_t' as the
return type of `time'.
* When compiling functions that return `float', PCC converts it to a
double. GNU CC actually returns a `float'. If you are concerned
with PCC compatibility, you should declare your functions to return
`double'; you might as well say what you mean.
* When compiling functions that return structures or unions, GNU CC
output code normally uses a method different from that used on most
versions of Unix. As a result, code compiled with GNU CC cannot
call a structure-returning function compiled with PCC, and vice
versa.
The method used by GNU CC is as follows: a structure or union
which is 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes long is returned like a scalar. A
structure or union with any other size is stored into an address
supplied by the caller (usually in a special, fixed register, but
on some machines it is passed on the stack). The
machine-description macros `STRUCT_VALUE' and
`STRUCT_INCOMING_VALUE' tell GNU CC where to pass this address.
By contrast, PCC on most target machines returns structures and
unions of any size by copying the data into an area of static
storage, and then returning the address of that storage as if it
were a pointer value. The caller must copy the data from that
memory area to the place where the value is wanted. GNU CC does
not use this method because it is slower and nonreentrant.
On some newer machines, PCC uses a reentrant convention for all
structure and union returning. GNU CC on most of these machines
uses a compatible convention when returning structures and unions
in memory, but still returns small structures and unions in
registers.
You can tell GNU CC to use a compatible convention for all
structure and union returning with the option
`-fpcc-struct-return'.
File: gcc.info, Node: Disappointments, Next: C++ Misunderstandings, Prev: Incompatibilities, Up: Trouble
Disappointments and Misunderstandings
=====================================
These problems are perhaps regrettable, but we don't know any
practical way around them.
* Certain local variables aren't recognized by debuggers when you
compile with optimization.
This occurs because sometimes GNU CC optimizes the variable out of
existence. There is no way to tell the debugger how to compute the
value such a variable "would have had", and it is not clear that
would be desirable anyway. So GNU CC simply does not mention the
eliminated variable when it writes debugging information.
You have to expect a certain amount of disagreement between the
executable and your source code, when you use optimization.
* Users often think it is a bug when GNU CC reports an error for code
like this:
int foo (struct mumble *);
struct mumble { ... };
int foo (struct mumble *x)
{ ... }
This code really is erroneous, because the scope of `struct
mumble' in the prototype is limited to the argument list
containing it. It does not refer to the `struct mumble' defined
with file scope immediately below--they are two unrelated types
with similar names in different scopes.
But in the definition of `foo', the file-scope type is used
because that is available to be inherited. Thus, the definition
and the prototype do not match, and you get an error.
This behavior may seem silly, but it's what the ANSI standard
specifies. It is easy enough for you to make your code work by
moving the definition of `struct mumble' above the prototype.
It's not worth being incompatible with ANSI C just to avoid an
error for the example shown above.
* Accesses to bitfields even in volatile objects works by accessing
larger objects, such as a byte or a word. You cannot rely on what
size of object is accessed in order to read or write the bitfield;
it may even vary for a given bitfield according to the precise
usage.
If you care about controlling the amount of memory that is
accessed, use volatile but do not use bitfields.
* GNU CC comes with shell scripts to fix certain known problems in
system header files. They install corrected copies of various
header files in a special directory where only GNU CC will
normally look for them. The scripts adapt to various systems by
searching all the system header files for the problem cases that
we know about.
If new system header files are installed, nothing automatically
arranges to update the corrected header files. You will have to
reinstall GNU CC to fix the new header files. More specifically,
go to the build directory and delete the files `stmp-fixinc' and
`stmp-headers', and the subdirectory `include'; then do `make
install' again.
* On 68000 systems, you can get paradoxical results if you test the
precise values of floating point numbers. For example, you can
find that a floating point value which is not a NaN is not equal
to itself. This results from the fact that the the floating point
registers hold a few more bits of precision than fit in a `double'
in memory. Compiled code moves values between memory and floating
point registers at its convenience, and moving them into memory
truncates them.
You can partially avoid this problem by using the `-ffloat-store'
option (*note Optimize Options::.).
* On the MIPS, variable argument functions using `varargs.h' cannot
have a floating point value for the first argument. The reason
for this is that in the absence of a prototype in scope, if the
first argument is a floating point, it is passed in a floating
point register, rather than an integer register.
If the code is rewritten to use the ANSI standard `stdarg.h'
method of variable arguments, and the prototype is in scope at the
time of the call, everything will work fine.
File: gcc.info, Node: C++ Misunderstandings, Next: Protoize Caveats, Prev: Disappointments, Up: Trouble
Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++
=====================================
C++ is a complex language and an evolving one, and its standard
definition (the ANSI C++ draft standard) is also evolving. As a result,
your C++ compiler may occasionally surprise you, even when its behavior
is correct. This section discusses some areas that frequently give
rise to questions of this sort.
* Menu:
* Static Definitions:: Static member declarations are not definitions
* Temporaries:: Temporaries may vanish before you expect
File: gcc.info, Node: Static Definitions, Next: Temporaries, Up: C++ Misunderstandings
Declare *and* Define Static Members
-----------------------------------
When a class has static data members, it is not enough to *declare*
the static member; you must also *define* it. For example:
class Foo
{
...
void method();
static int bar;
};
This declaration only establishes that the class `Foo' has an `int'
named `Foo::bar', and a member function named `Foo::method'. But you
still need to define *both* `method' and `bar' elsewhere. According to
the draft ANSI standard, you must supply an initializer in one (and
only one) source file, such as:
int Foo::bar = 0;
Other C++ compilers may not correctly implement the standard
behavior. As a result, when you switch to `g++' from one of these
compilers, you may discover that a program that appeared to work
correctly in fact does not conform to the standard: `g++' reports as
undefined symbols any static data members that lack definitions.
ə